Rhodonite

Rhodonite
Rhodonite crystals in rock
General
Category	Inosilicate
Formula (repeating unit)	(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg,Ca)SiO3
Strunz classification	09.DK.05
Dana classification	65.04.01.01
Crystal symmetry	Triclinic 1 pinacoidal
Unit cell	a = 9.758 Å, b = 10.499 Å, c = 12.205 Å; α = 108.58°, β = 102.92°, γ = 82.52°; Z = 20
Identification
Color	Rose-pink to brownish red, gray, or yellow
Crystal habit	Tabular crystals, massive, granular
Crystal system	Triclinic - Pinacoidal H-M Symbol (1) Space Group: P1
Twinning	Lamellar, composition plane {010}
Cleavage	Perfect on {110} and {110}, (110) ^ (110) = 92.5°; good on {001}
Fracture	Conchoidal to uneven
Mohs scalehardness	5.5 - 6.5
Luster	Vitreous to pearly
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Transparent to translucent
Specific gravity	3.57 - 3.76
Optical properties	Biaxial (+)
Refractive index	nα = 1.711 - 1.738 nβ = 1.714 - 1.741 nγ = 1.724 - 1.751
Birefringence	δ = 0.013
Pleochroism	Weak
2V angle	Measured: 58° to 73°, Calculated: 58°
Alters to	Exterior commonly black from manganese oxides
References	[1][2][3]

Rhodonite is a manganese inosilicate, (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca)SiO₃ and member of the pyroxenoid group of minerals, crystallizing in thetriclinic system. It commonly occurs as cleavable to compact masses with a rose-red color (the name comes from the Greek ῥόδοςrhodos, rosy), often tending to brown because of surface oxidation.

Rhodonite crystals often have a thick tabular habit, but are rare. It has a perfect, prismatic cleavage, almost at right angles. Thehardness is 5.5–6.5, and the specific gravity 3.4–3.7; luster is vitreous, being less frequently pearly on cleavage surfaces. Themanganese is often partly replaced by iron, magnesium, calcium, and sometimes zinc which may sometimes be present in considerable amounts; a greyish-brown variety containing as much as 20% of calcium oxide is called bustamite; fowlerite is a zinciferous variety containing 7% of zinc oxide.

Pink rhodonite contrasting with black manganese oxides is sometimes used as gemstone material as seen in this specimen from Humboldt County,Nevada.

The inosilicate (chain silicate) structure of rhodonite has a repeat unit of five silica tetrahedra. The rare polymorph pyroxmangite, formed at different conditions of pressure and temperature, has the same chemical composition but a repeat unit of seven tetrahedra.

Rhodonite has also been worked as an ornamental stone. In the iron and manganese mines at Pajsberg near Filipstad and Långban in Värmland, Sweden, small brilliant and translucent crystals (pajsbergite) and cleavage masses occur. Fowlerite occurs as large, rough crystals, somewhat resembling pink feldspar, with franklinite and zinc ores in granular limestone atFranklin Furnace in New Jersey.

Rhodonite is the official gemstone of Commonwealth of Massachusetts