Topaz

Topaz
A group of topaz crystals on matrix
General
Category	Silicate mineral
Formula (repeating unit)	Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
Strunz classification	9.AF.35
Crystal symmetry	Orthorhombic dipyramidal H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m) Space group: Pbnm
Unit cell	a = 4.65 Å, b = 8.8 Å, c = 8.4 Å; Z = 4
Identification
Color	Colorless (if no impurities), blue, brown, orange, gray, yellow, green, pink and reddish pink
Crystal habit	Prismatic crystals with faces striated parallel to long dimension; also columnar, compact, massive
Crystal system	Orthorhombic
Cleavage	[001] Perfect
Fracture	Subconchoidal to uneven
Mohs scale hardness	8 (defining mineral)
Luster	Vitreous
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Transparent
Specific gravity	3.49–3.57
Optical properties	Biaxial (+)
Refractive index	nα = 1.606–1.629 nβ = 1.609–1.631 nγ = 1.616–1.638
Birefringence	δ = 0.010
Pleochroism	Weak in thick sections X = yellow; Y = yellow, violet, reddish; Z = violet, bluish, yellow, pink
Other characteristics	Fluorescent, short UV=golden yellow, long UV=cream
References	[1][2][3][4]

Topaz is a silicate mineral of aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂. Topaz crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and its crystals are mostly prismatic terminated by pyramidal and other faces.

Contents 1 Color and varieties 2 Localities and occurrence 3 Etymology and historical and mythical usage 3.1 Etymology 3.2 History 3.3 Biblical background, etymology, and analysis 4 References 5 External links

Color and varieties

Facet Cut Topaz Gemstones in various colors

Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but is usually tinted by impurities; typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, pink (rare), reddish-yellow or opaque to transparent/translucent.
Orange topaz, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone of the US state of Utah.^[5]
Imperial topaz is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Brazilian Imperial Topaz can often have a bright yellow to deep golden brown hue, sometimes even violet. Many brown or pale topazes are treated to make them bright yellow, gold, pink or violet colored. Some imperial topaz stones can fade on exposure to sunlight for an extended period of time.^[6][7]

Yellow topaz in stepped kite-shaped cut

Blue topaz is the state gemstone of the US state of Texas.^[8] Naturally occurring blue topaz is quite rare. Typically, colorless, gray or pale yellow and blue material is heat treated and irradiated to produce a more desired darker blue.^[7]
Mystic topaz is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated giving it the desired rainbow effect.^[9]

Localities and occurrence

Topaz Mountain, Utah

Topaz is commonly associated with silicic igneous rocks of the granite and rhyolite type. It typically crystallizes in granitic pegmatites or in vapor cavities in rhyolite lava flows like those at Topaz Mountain in western Utah. It can be found with fluorite and cassiterite in various areas including the Ural and Ilmen mountains of Russia, in Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Czech Republic, Germany, Norway, Pakistan, Italy, Sweden, Japan, Brazil, Mexico; Flinders Island, Australia; Nigeria and the United States.
Some clear topaz crystals from Brazilian pegmatites can reach boulder size and weigh hundreds of pounds. Crystals of this size may be seen in museum collections. The Topaz of Aurangzeb, observed by Jean Baptiste Tavernier measured 157.75 carats.^[10] The American Golden Topaz, a more recent gem, measured a massive 22,892.5 carats.
Colorless and light-blue varieties of topaz are found in Precambrian granite in Mason County, Texas^[11] within the Llano Uplift. There is no commercial mining of topaz in that area.^[12]

Etymology and historical and mythical usage

Etymology

Colorless topaz, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The name "topaz" is derived (via Old French: Topace and Latin: Topazus) from the Greek Τοπάζιος (Τοpáziοs) or Τοπάζιον (Τοpáziοn),^[13] the ancient name of St. John's Island in the Red Sea which was difficult to find and from which a yellow stone (now believed to be chrysolite: yellowish olivine) was mined in ancient times; topaz itself (rather than topazios) was not really known about before the classical era. Pliny said that Topazos is a legendary island in the Red Sea and the mineral "topaz" was first mined there.
The word topaz is related to the Sanskrit word तपस्"tapas" meaning "heat" or "fire",^[13] and also to the Hebrew word for "orange" (the fruit): tapooz (תפוז), both of which predate the Greek word.

History

Nicols, the author of one of the first systematic treatises on minerals and gemstones, dedicated two chapters to the topic in 1652.^[14] In the Middle Ages, the name topaz was used to refer to any yellow gemstone, but in modern times it denotes only the silicate described above.

Biblical background, etymology, and analysis

Many modern English translations of the Bible, including the King James Version mention topaz in Exodus 28:17 in reference to a stone in the Hoshen: "And thou shalt set in it settings of stones, even four rows of stones: the first row shall be a sardius, a topaz, and a carbuncle (garnet): this shall be the first row."
However, because these translations as topaz all derive from the Septuagint translation topazi[os], which as mentioned above referred to a yellow stone that was not topaz, but probably chrysolite (chrysoberyl or peridot), it should be borne in mind that topaz is likely not meant here.^[15] The masoretic text (the Hebrew on which most modern Protestant Bible translations of the Old Testament are based) has pitdah as the gem the stone is made from; some scholars think it is related to an Assyrian word meaning "flashed".^{[citation needed]} More likely, pitdah is derived from Sanskrit words (पीत pit = yellow, दह् dah = burn), meaning "yellow burn" or, metaphorically, "fiery".

References

1. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
2. ^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W. and Nichols, Monte C., ed. (1995). "Topaz" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. II (Silica, Silicates). Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 0-9622097-1-6. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
3. ^ Topaz. Mindat.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
4. ^ Topaz. Webmineral.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
5. ^ Utah State Gem – Topaz. Pioneer.utah.gov (2010-06-16). Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
6. ^ Imperial Topaz, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
7. ^ ^{a b} Gemstones & Gemology – Topaz, Emporia State University
8. ^ State Gem – Texas Blue Topaz. State Gemstone Cut – Lone Star Cut. state.tx.us
9. ^ Mystic Topaz, Consumer Information. Farlang.com (2008-10-30). Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
10. ^ Famous and Notheworthy Topazes Rao Bahadur, A Handbook of Precious Stones, Geological Survey of India
11. ^ Handbook of Texas Online – Mineral Resources and Mining. Tshaonline.org. Retrieved on 2011-10-29.
12. ^ Mason, Texas Chamber of Commerce Web site
13. ^ ^{a b} Harper, Douglas. "topaz". Online Etymology Dictionary.
14. ^ A Lapidary or History of Gemstones, University of Cambridge, 1652.
15. ^ See for extensive discussion Oliver Farrington, Gems and Gem Minerals, Chicago, 1903, p. 119. Farrington was curator of Natural History Museum in Chicago.